Alzheimer's Disease Treatment in Gurgaon, India
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
Alzheimer’s disease refers to the progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. It is a type of dementia that progressively impairs memory, thinking, and behavior, ultimately interfering with daily tasks. Accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases, the condition is progressive meaning, it worsens over time, gradually impacting brain function.
Alzheimer’s is not a normal part of aging, though the risk increases with age, particularly after 65 years. However, early Alzheimer’s symptoms can affect individuals under 65 and progresses through stages from mild memory loss to severe cognitive impairment.
What are the Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease?
Alzheimer’s disease symptoms develop gradually and worsen over time. Since it's a progressive neurological condition, it often starts with subtle memory loss and eventually leads to significant impairment in mental and physical functioning. Recognizing these early signs is essential for timely diagnosis and intervention. Based on the severity of symptoms, people with Alzheimer’s Disease may experience the following:
Mild Alzheimer’s Disease Symptoms:
Memory loss disrupting daily life
Forgetting recently learned information, repeating conversations, or misplacing items frequently.
Difficulty planning or solving problems
Struggling with familiar tasks like following a recipe or managing bills.
Trouble handling money and paying bills
Making frequent errors in financial matters or missing due dates.
Losing track of dates or locations
Confused about the current day, time, or where they are, even in familiar places.
Repeating questions or forgetting recent information
Asking the same things repeatedly or forgetting recent conversations or events.
Mood and personality changes, increased anxiety or aggression
Becoming unusually irritable, anxious, suspicious, or easily upset in unfamiliar settings.
Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease Symptoms
Increased confusion and memory loss
Forgetting personal history, becoming disoriented, and needing help with routine tasks.
Withdrawal from social activities
Loss of interest in hobbies, work, or being around others due to embarrassment or confusion.
Difficulty with language, reading, writing, and numbers
Struggling to find words, follow conversations, or understand written content.
Problems recognizing family and friends
Trouble identifying close relatives or familiar faces.
Hallucinations, delusions, paranoia
Seeing or believing things that aren’t real, often leading to fear or mistrust.
Impulsive or inappropriate behavior
Acting out of character, such as undressing in public or using offensive language.
Changes in sleeping patterns, restlessness, agitation
Trouble sleeping, wandering at night, or becoming increasingly agitated during the evening (sundowning).
What are the Stages Of Alzheimer’s Disease?
Alzheimer's disease typically progresses in stages, with each stage marked by the worsening of symptoms. The stages can vary slightly depending on the individual, but generally, Alzheimer's is divided into three main stages: early (mild), middle (moderate), and late (severe):
Early Stage (Mild Alzheimer's)
Individuals with early stages of Alzheimer’s can still live independently, but may need help with some tasks. This stage usually lasts from 2 to 4 years and may include symptoms such as:
Difficulty remembering recent events, conversations, or appointments.
Trouble finding the right words or remembering names.
Difficulty with complex tasks
Difficulty planning or solving problems (e.g., paying bills, managing finances).
Frequently losing things or putting them in unusual places.
Becoming lost in familiar places or time confusion (e.g., forgetting the day of the week).
Increased anxiety, depression, or irritability, often due to the awareness of cognitive decline.
Middle Stage (Moderate Alzheimer's)
At this stage, the individual usually requires help with daily activities like bathing, dressing, and eating and this stage typically lasts 4 to 10 years. Symptoms may include
Difficulty recognizing family and friends, forgetting recent events.
Increased confusion, suspicion, agitation, and sometimes aggression.
Difficulty speaking, understanding language, and following conversations.
Wandering and getting lost
May become disoriented and wander outside, even in familiar places.
Problems with personal care
Difficulty dressing, bathing, and maintaining personal hygiene.
Trouble sleeping or staying awake at night.
Hallucinations or delusions
Some individuals may experience visual or auditory hallucinations.
Late Stage (Severe Alzheimer's)
This stage can last anywhere from 1 to 3 years, or even longer and may include symptoms such as:
Inability to recognize loved ones or recall personal history.
The individual requires round-the-clock care, as they cannot perform any activities of daily living (e.g., eating, bathing, using the restroom).
Most people lose the ability to speak coherently and may only be able to say a few words or phrases.
Individuals may become physically immobile, requiring assistance with movement.
Severe behavioral symptoms
They may become extremely agitated or show signs of aggression, or they may withdraw from social interaction entirely.
This involves loss of bladder and bowel control which causing uncontrolled urination
This stage culminates in the loss of most bodily functions and eventual death, often due to complications like pneumonia or infections.
Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease (Before symptoms appear)
This stage can occur years before any noticeable symptoms are present, during which brain changes occur, such as the accumulation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles. Some people may experience subtle memory or cognitive changes, but these are typically undetected without specialized testing.
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
MCI is a condition that may precede Alzheimer’s disease, where people experience noticeable memory issues that are greater than normal age-related changes but not severe enough to be diagnosed as Alzheimer's. Some individuals with MCI may progress to Alzheimer’s, while others may remain stable or even improve.
Based on the stages of Alzheimer’s Disease, common Alzheimer’s Disease symptoms include:
Stage | Common Symptoms |
Early Stage | Mild memory loss, confusion with time/place, misplacing items |
Middle Stage | Increased memory loss, mood swings, difficulty recognizing loved ones |
Late Stage | Severe cognitive decline, loss of communication skills, full-time care needed |
What Causes Alzheimer’s Disease?
The exact cause of Alzheimer’s disease is still largely unknown, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The disease is characterized by accumulation of abnormal protein plaques and tangles in the brain, which disrupt neuronal function and connectivity. This leads to progressive brain cell death and cognitive decline. Alzheimer’s Disease is usually linked to the following causes:
This includes abnormal buildup of amyloid beta protein forming plaques outside neurons.
Tau Protein Tangles refers to the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles that impair neuron function.
Cholinergic Hypothesis is the reduced synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter important for memory and learning.
Certain genes like APOE4 increase risk, and rare deterministic genetic mutations cause early signs of Alzheimer’s.
What are the Risk Factors of Alzheimer’s Disease?
Several factors increase the likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease:
Risk increases significantly after 65 years.
Family history and specific genes such as APOE.
Extra copy of chromosome 21 increases risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
Traumatic brain injury after age 50 raises the risk of Alzheimer’s Disease
High cholesterol and high blood pressure contribute to risk by damaging brain blood vessels.
Smoking, obesity, diabetes, poor sleep, and lack of physical activity also increase risk.
When to Consult a Doctor for Alzheimer’s Disease?
Consult a neurologist as soon as you notice persistent memory issues or changes in behavior that interfere with daily life, whether in yourself or a loved one. Early consultation with the doctor can help identify the condition and help manage symptoms better for improved quality of life.
While occasional forgetfulness can be part of normal aging, symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease are progressive and disruptive. Consult a doctor in case you experience the following:
Persistent memory loss disrupting daily life
Difficulty performing familiar tasks
Confusion about time or place
Trouble understanding visual images or spatial relationships
Problems with speaking or writing
Withdrawal from work or social activities
Significant mood or personality changes
How is Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosed?
Diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease involves a multi-step process that includes medical history evaluation, cognitive testing, neurological exams, brain imaging, and sometimes laboratory tests. While there’s no single definitive test, combining these assessments helps the neurologist rule out other conditions and make an accurate diagnosis. Here are some tests and medical evaluation conducted by the doctor for accurate diagnosis:
Medical History and Physical Examination
The first step is a thorough review of the patient’s medical history, including family history, medications, past illnesses, and any noticeable changes in behavior or memory. The neurologist may enquire about the following details:
Onset and progression of symptoms
Lifestyle and daily functioning
Mood or behavioral shifts
Family history of dementia or neurological issues
A physical exam is also performed to assess vital signs, general health, and rule out other physical conditions (e.g., thyroid issues, infections) that may mimic dementia symptoms.
Cognitive and Neuropsychological Tests
The neurologist recommends cognitive and neuropsychological tests to evaluate memory, thinking, problem-solving, and language skills. These tests help determine how far the disease has progressed and may be repeated over time to monitor changes. The doctor may conduct various standardized tests such as:
MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination)
It is a 30-point test assessing orientation, attention, short-term memory, language, and basic motor skills. Scores help determine the severity of cognitive impairment.
MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment)
A more detailed cognitive test that includes tasks for executive function, visuospatial ability, naming, memory recall, attention, and abstraction. It is often better at detecting early or mild cognitive impairment.
Neurological Examination
A neurological exam assesses the functioning of the brain and nervous system to identify signs of stroke, Parkinson’s disease, or other neurological disorders that could mimic Alzheimer’s. Neurological examination helps the doctor in evaluating:
Brain Imaging Tests
Imaging tools are crucial in confirming structural or functional brain changes linked with Alzheimer’s. To visualize brain structure and rule out tumors, strokes, or brain shrinkage, doctors may recommend imaging tests such as:
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
It provides detailed images of brain structures and can detect brain atrophy (shrinkage), especially in the hippocampus, which is affected early in Alzheimer’s.
CT (Computed Tomography) Scan
This test is often used if MRI is not available. It shows cross-sectional images of the brain and can rule out bleeding, tumors, or major strokes.
PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan
PET is used to observe how the brain is functioning. Specific PET scans like amyloid PET or FDG-PET can detect plaques and reduced glucose metabolism in brain areas typically affected by Alzheimer’s.
Biomarker Testing
Biomarkers may be used to support the clinical diagnosis or specialized neurology centers and help in identifying preclinical Alzheimer’s. These involve:
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis
It involves a spinal tap to test for levels of beta-amyloid and tau proteins—both key indicators of Alzheimer’s pathology. In India, these specific tests are done by a few laboratories only due to high cost
Tests for genetic mutations such as APOE-e4, especially in cases of early-onset Alzheimer’s. This is typically reserved for those with a strong family history or unusual symptoms at a young age.
Laboratory Tests
Laboratory tests do not confirm Alzheimer’s, but help eliminate reversible causes of dementia symptoms. Blood tests are used to rule out other causes of memory loss and cognitive issues. These may include:
Thyroid function tests (TSH, T3, T4)
Vitamin B12 and folate levels
Electrolytes and liver/kidney function tests
Infectious disease screening (e.g., syphilis, HIV in rare cases)
Psychiatric Evaluation
A psychiatrist may be involved if depression, anxiety, or other psychiatric conditions are suspected as contributing to or mimicking cognitive symptoms. Ruling out mental health conditions ensures an accurate Alzheimer’s diagnosis.
Summary Table: Alzheimer’s Diagnosis Methods
Test Type | Purpose |
Medical History | Understand symptom patterns and risk factors |
MMSE / MoCA | Assess memory, cognition, and problem-solving |
Neurological Exam | Check brain and nerve function |
MRI / CT / PET | Identify brain changes or rule out other issues |
Blood Tests | Eliminate treatable causes of dementia |
Genetic Testing | Assess hereditary risk in early-onset cases |
Psychiatric Evaluation | Rule out depression or mental health disorders |
What are the Treatment Methods for Alzheimer’s Disease?
Although there is currently no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, there are several treatment methods that can help manage symptoms, slow the progression, and improve quality of life for both patients and their loved ones. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, lifestyle modifications, therapy, and supportive care.
Medications for Alzheimer’s Disease
Medications are prescribed to address cognitive symptoms, behavioral changes, and in some cases, to prevent the condition from progressing further.
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
These drugs increase levels of acetylcholine, a brain chemical important for memory and learning. They are most effective in the early to moderate stages.
NMDA Receptor Antagonists
These medications are used for moderate to severe Alzheimer’s, these drugs help regulate glutamate, a chemical involved in learning and memory.
The doctors may recommend a combination of medications for both types of drugs.
Non-Pharmacological Therapies
Non-drug approaches play a critical role, especially in addressing behavioral and psychological symptoms.
Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST)
Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) involves structured group activities and exercises that help improve memory and communication.
These techniques to reduce agitation, anxiety, aggression, or depression—often triggered by environmental or emotional factors.
Occupational therapy helps patients maintain independence by teaching adaptive techniques for daily activities like dressing or bathing.
Music and art therapy stimulates emotion and memory, reduces agitation, and provides joy and connection.
Reality Orientation and Reminiscence Therapy
This type of therapy helps patients stay grounded by reinforcing time, place, and personal history using photos, music, or personal stories.
Lifestyle Modifications
Daily routines and environment can be adapted to reduce confusion and stress.
Regular schedules and familiar surroundings help reduce anxiety and confusion.
Installing handrails, night lights, and using GPS trackers for wandering prevention.
Proper Nutrition and Hydration
A balanced diet can support brain health. Proper hydration helps reduce confusion and agitation.
Moderate physical activity improves mood, mobility, and may slow cognitive decline.
Establishing a calming nighttime routine helps reduce sleep disturbances and sundowning (evening agitation).
How can I Prevent Alzheimer’s Disease?
There is currently no guaranteed way to prevent Alzheimer’s disease, but growing research suggests that a healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce your risk and possibly delay the onset of symptoms. Prevention is especially important for individuals with family history or other risk factors. Here are some preventive strategies that can help reduce the risk:
Regular physical exercise improves brain health and helps manage the symptoms of the condition.
Healthy diet rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, olive oil, nuts, fish, and moderate poultry and dairy intake is considered essential.
Adequate Sleep like sleeping for 7-8 hours per night promotes amyloid clearance from the brain.
Manage cardiovascular health by keeping a check on blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes.
Mental and social engagement can stimulate the brain through learning and social activities.
Avoid smoking and excess alcohol to reduce overall risk.
Complications of Untreated Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive condition that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. If left untreated or poorly managed, it can lead to severe complications that significantly impact the patient’s physical, emotional, and social well-being. As the disease advances, the brain becomes increasingly damaged, leading to a loss of function and independence. Below are some of the key complications associated with untreated Alzheimer’s disease:
As Alzheimer’s disease progresses, untreated patients experience significant memory loss and a decline in cognitive abilities. This can include difficulty with recognizing loved ones, recalling important events, or performing basic daily activities such as dressing or cooking. Eventually, patients may become unable to communicate effectively, leading to frustration and isolation.
One of the most challenging aspects of Alzheimer’s is the gradual loss of independence. Patients often require assistance with daily tasks such as bathing, eating, dressing, and even using the bathroom. As the disease worsens, caregivers are needed to provide 24/7 support, which can be emotionally and physically exhausting.
Increased Risk of Physical Injuries
Untreated Alzheimer’s increases the risk of falls and accidents. As memory and judgment decline, patients may forget to take medications or forget basic safety precautions (such as turning off stoves or using the bathroom properly). Wandering, a common symptom of Alzheimer’s, can also lead to dangerous situations, including getting lost or injured.
Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms
Without treatment, patients may develop severe mood swings, agitation, depression, paranoia, or hallucinations. These behavioral and psychological symptoms, often referred to as BPSD (Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia), can be highly distressing for both the patient and their family. This may lead to aggressive behaviors, making caregiving more difficult.
Malnutrition and Dehydration
As Alzheimer’s progresses, patients may struggle with remembering to eat or drink. This can lead to malnutrition and dehydration, which, in turn, can worsen their overall health. Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) may also develop in later stages, making it harder for patients to consume food and liquids safely, increasing the risk of aspiration pneumonia.
Increased Vulnerability to Infections
Untreated Alzheimer’s disease makes individuals more susceptible to infections, especially urinary tract infections (UTIs) and pneumonia. Difficulty swallowing increases the risk of food or liquid entering the lungs, causing aspiration pneumonia. Incontinence, which is common in advanced stages, can also lead to skin infections, especially in the absence of proper care.
Chronic Health Issues and Medical Complications
Without appropriate medical management, patients with untreated Alzheimer’s may develop chronic health conditions that exacerbate their cognitive symptoms. Conditions like heart disease, diabetes, or high blood pressure can be harder to manage, leading to further complications. For example, untreated diabetes can impair brain function and accelerate cognitive decline.
Many patients with untreated Alzheimer’s disease experience depression and anxiety, which can worsen symptoms and negatively affect their overall quality of life. These mental health issues may not always be recognized due to the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s. If left unaddressed, these emotional and psychological challenges can make it even harder for the patient to cope with the disease.
Decreased Life Expectancy
In advanced stages, untreated Alzheimer’s disease can lead to severe physical deterioration, including the inability to move, speak, or feed oneself. This can increase the risk of infection and organ failure, ultimately contributing to premature death. The life expectancy after a diagnosis of Alzheimer's can vary widely, but individuals who do not receive proper treatment may face a more rapid decline.
Artemis Hospitals Offer Comprehensive Alzheimer's Disease Management by Top Neurologists in Gurgaon
The neurology department at Artemis Hospitals provides expert diagnosis and treatment for a wide range of brain, spine, and nervous system disorders. With advanced medical technology and a team of experienced neurologistsand neurosurgeons, the hospital ensures effective management for Alzheimer’s disease and other neurological conditions.
To book an appointment with some of the best neurologists in Gurgaon at Artemis Hospitals, call our customer care at +91-124-451-1111 or WhatsApp us at +91 959-928-5476. Appointments can also be scheduled through the online patient portal or by downloading the Artemis Personal Health Record mobile app, available on both iOS and Android devices.
Reviewed By Dr. Aditya Gupta
Chairperson - Neurosurgery
Artemis Hospitals
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Can Alzheimer’s disease be cured?
Currently, there is no cure, but treatments can help manage symptoms and slow progression.
Is Alzheimer’s the same as dementia?
No, dementia is a general term for a decline in cognitive abilities severe enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia but not the only one.
Is Alzheimer’s disease hereditary?
Genetics play a role, especially with certain genes like APOE4, but most cases result from a combination of factors.
How long can a person live with Alzheimer’s?
On average, a person with Alzheimer’s can live up to 4 to 8 years after diagnosis, but some live up to 20 years depending on various factors.
What age does Alzheimer’s disease usually start?
Alzheimer’s typically affects people over the age of 65, but early-onset Alzheimer’s can begin as early as the 40s or 50s in rare cases.
Can lifestyle changes really help prevent Alzheimer’s?
Yes, adopting a brain-healthy lifestyle—including regular exercise, a balanced diet, mental stimulation, good sleep, and heart health—can lower your risk and delay onset.
