Type 2 Diabetes Treatment in Gurgaon, India
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the way your body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Unlike Type 1 diabetes, where the body fails to produce insulin, in Type 2 diabetes, the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin to maintain normal glucose levels. As a result, blood sugar levels rise, which can lead to a range of serious health complications.
Type 2 diabetes is more common than Type 1 and is typically diagnosed in adults, though it is becoming increasingly prevalent among children, particularly in high-risk groups. The condition can often be managed with lifestyle changes, medication, and in some cases, surgical interventions.
What are the Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms?
Type 2 diabetes symptoms often develop gradually and may go unnoticed at first. However, recognizing these signs early can help you manage the condition more effectively. It is important to consult a doctor for testing and diagnosis. Early intervention and lifestyle adjustments can significantly help in managing Type 2 diabetes and preventing complications. Common symptoms of Type 2 diabetes include:
Increased Thirst and Hunger
People with Type 2 diabetes may experience extreme thirst and increased hunger, even after eating. This happens because the body tries to flush out excess glucose through urination, leading to dehydration.
High blood sugar levels cause the kidneys to work harder to filter and absorb excess glucose, leading to frequent urination, especially at night.
Despite increased hunger, some individuals may lose weight unintentionally. This is because the body starts breaking down muscle and fat for energy when it cannot use glucose effectively.
Since the body is unable to use glucose properly for energy, individuals with Type 2 diabetes may feel constantly tired or fatigued.
High blood sugar levels can cause the lenses of the eyes to swell, leading to blurry vision. If untreated, it may increase the risk of eye diseases like diabetic retinopathy.
Slow-Healing Sores or Infections
Elevated glucose levels can affect the body's ability to heal wounds and fight infections, leading to slow recovery times.
Numbness or Tingling in Hands or Feet
Over time, high blood sugar levels can damage nerves (a condition known as neuropathy), leading to feelings of numbness or tingling, especially in the extremities.
High blood sugar can weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight infections, leading to frequent infections, such as urinary tract infections or skin infections.
What Causes Type 2 Diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body either becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels. While the exact cause isn't fully understood, several risk factors contribute to the development of Type 2 diabetes. These include genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors that affect how the body processes glucose. Here are some common causes and risk factors that can contribute to the progression of the disease:
In Type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin’s role is to help glucose (sugar) enter cells, where it is used for energy. When cells stop responding effectively to insulin, the body needs more insulin to keep blood sugar levels under control. Over time, the pancreas can't produce enough insulin to overcome this resistance, causing glucose to build up in the bloodstream.
Insufficient Insulin Production
As insulin resistance develops, the pancreas works harder to produce more insulin. Over time, however, the pancreas may not be able to keep up with the body's increasing demand for insulin. As a result, there is a deficiency in insulin production, further contributing to high blood sugar levels.
Glucose is a primary source of energy for the body’s cells, obtained from the food we eat, particularly carbohydrates. When the body is unable to use insulin effectively or produce enough insulin, glucose can't enter cells and accumulates in the bloodstream. This leads to high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia), which is a hallmark of Type 2 diabetes.
Genetics and Family History
Genetics plays a significant role in the development of Type 2 diabetes. If you have a family history of diabetes, you are at a higher risk. Certain genes can predispose individuals to insulin resistance and affect how the body processes glucose, leading to a higher likelihood of developing Type 2 diabetes.
Being overweight or obese, particularly with excess fat around the abdomen, is one of the primary risk factors for developing Type 2 diabetes. Fat cells, especially visceral fat (fat stored around the organs), can cause the body to become more resistant to insulin. Obesity also leads to chronic inflammation, which further contributes to insulin resistance.
Lack of regular physical activity can contribute to Type 2 diabetes. Exercise helps the body use insulin more effectively and lowers blood sugar levels. Physical inactivity also leads to weight gain and can worsen insulin resistance, increasing the risk of developing the condition.
A diet high in refined carbohydrates, processed sugars, and unhealthy fats and low in fiber can contribute to Type 2 diabetes. Consuming a lot of sugary foods and drinks can lead to spikes in blood sugar levels, and over time, this can contribute to insulin resistance and weight gain. A lack of essential nutrients like fiber, which helps regulate blood sugar levels, can also increase the risk.
Age is another risk factor for Type 2 diabetes. The likelihood of developing Type 2 diabetes increases as you age, especially after 45. This may be because of reduced physical activity, loss of muscle mass, and changes in how the body processes glucose with age.
Certain conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and some endocrine disorders, can increase the risk of developing insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Hormonal imbalances can affect how the body uses insulin and processes glucose.
Chronic stress can contribute to the development of Type 2 diabetes. Stress triggers the release of hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which can increase blood sugar levels. Over time, persistent high stress can worsen insulin resistance.
Poor sleep patterns and conditions like sleep apnea can increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes. Lack of sleep affects hormones that regulate appetite, glucose metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, all of which can contribute to insulin resistance.
When to Consult the Doctor for Type 2 Diabetes?
It is important to seek medical consultation from a doctor in case you experience any signs or symptoms of Type 2 diabetes. If you have risk factors that can increase the risk of developing the condition. Early detection and treatment are key to managing the disease and preventing complications. Consult the doctor for Type 2 diabetes if:
Type 2 diabetes symptoms get worse if:
You have risk factors for Type 2 diabetes
You are diagnosed with prediabetes
In case of complications of type 2 diabetes
The current treatment plan is ineffective
You are planning pregnancy or are pregnant
How is Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosed?
Diagnosing Type 2 diabetes involves a combination of physical exams, reviewing symptoms, medical history, and laboratory tests to assess blood sugar levels. Early detection is essential for managing the condition and preventing complications. Here are the primary tests and examinations used to diagnose Type 2 diabetes:
Medical History and Physical Examination
This initial assessment helps the doctor determine the need for further testing. During the initial visit, the doctor will conduct a thorough physical examination and inquire about your medical history, including:
Family history of diabetes
Symptoms of Type 2 diabetes (e.g., increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss)
Lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise habits, and alcohol or tobacco use
Presence of other conditions that may contribute to or be linked with diabetes (such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or polycystic ovary syndrome)
Blood Tests for Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis
The diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes is confirmed with blood tests that measure your blood glucose levels. The following are the key tests used to diagnose the condition:
Fasting Blood Glucose Test (Fasting Plasma Glucose – FPG)
This is one of the most common tests used to diagnose Type 2 diabetes. The test measures blood sugar levels after an overnight fast (usually 8 hours or more without eating or drinking).
Normal range: Less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L)
Pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose): 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L)
Diabetes: 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or higher on two separate occasions
A result of 126 mg/dL or higher indicates that you have Type 2 diabetes.
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
This test measures how your body processes glucose. It requires you to drink a sugary solution after fasting for at least 8 hours, followed by blood tests at intervals to measure how glucose levels rise and fall.
Normal range: Less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) after two hours
Pre-diabetes: 140 to 199 mg/dL (7.8 to 11.0 mmol/L) after two hours
Diabetes: 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher after two hours
The OGTT is often used to confirm a diabetes diagnosis, particularly for individuals who have normal fasting glucose but still show signs of diabetes.
A1c Test (Glycated Hemoglobin Test)
The A1c test measures the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months. It gives a long-term picture of blood sugar control and does not require fasting.
Normal range: Less than 5.7%
Pre-diabetes (impaired glucose tolerance): 5.7% to 6.4%
Diabetes: 6.5% or higher on two separate occasions
The A1c test is often preferred because it is convenient and provides a broader view of blood sugar control over time. However, it may not be as accurate for certain populations, such as those with anemia or pregnant women.
Random Blood Glucose Test
A random blood glucose test measures blood sugar levels at any time of the day, regardless of when you last ate. This test is typically used if you have symptoms of diabetes, and your doctor suspects high blood sugar.
A random blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher, along with symptoms like increased thirst, frequent urination, or unexplained weight loss, suggests a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes.
Although not a primary test for diagnosing Type 2 diabetes, urine tests can be used to check for glucose or ketones in the urine, both of which can indicate poor blood sugar control.
Glucose in the urine: If your blood sugar levels are too high, glucose may spill over into your urine.
Ketones in the urine: In cases of uncontrolled diabetes, the body may start breaking down fat for energy, which produces ketones. This is more common in Type 1 diabetes, but it can occur in Type 2 diabetes if blood sugar levels are poorly controlled for a prolonged period.
Additional Tests and Examinations
While the blood tests above are the primary methods for diagnosing Type 2 diabetes, additional tests may be recommended to assess overall health and check for complications related to diabetes:
A lipid profile checks for high cholesterol and triglyceride levels, both of which are common in people with Type 2 diabetes. Elevated cholesterol and triglycerides increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, which is already higher in individuals with diabetes.
Diabetes can affect the kidneys, so your doctor may check your kidney function using tests like creatinine levels or the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). Elevated levels may indicate early kidney damage (diabetic nephropathy).
Diabetes can damage the blood vessels in the eyes, leading to diabetic retinopathy. A comprehensive eye exam can help detect early signs of eye damage, even before symptoms appear.
Blood Pressure Measurement
Since high blood pressure is common in individuals with Type 2 diabetes, your doctor will likely monitor your blood pressure regularly to ensure it stays within a healthy range.
What are the Different Types of Type 2 Diabetes Treatment?
Managing Type 2 diabetes involves a combination of lifestyle changes, medication, and regular monitoring to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range and prevent complications. The treatment plan varies based on the severity of the condition and individual health factors. Below are the main treatment methods for Type 2 diabetes:
Lifestyle Changes
For many people, lifestyle changes are the cornerstone of managing Type 2 diabetes. These changes focus on improving diet, increasing physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight.
A healthy diet plays a crucial role in managing blood sugar levels. Key dietary recommendations include:
Low-Glycemic Index (GI) Foods: Choose foods that have a low glycemic index to avoid rapid spikes in blood sugar. This includes whole grains, legumes, and vegetables.
Balanced Meals: Aim for balanced meals that include lean proteins, healthy fats (like those from olive oil, avocados, or nuts), and fiber-rich vegetables.
Limit Sugary Foods: Cut back on refined sugars, sugary beverages, and processed foods that can cause blood sugar levels to rise quickly.
Portion Control: Controlling portion sizes helps prevent overeating and keeps blood sugar levels stable.
Exercise for Type 2 Diabetes
Exercise helps improve insulin sensitivity, allowing the body to use insulin more effectively. It also helps regulate blood sugar levels and control weight. Recommended exercises for managing Type 2 diabetes include:
Aerobic Exercise: Walking, cycling, swimming, or jogging can help improve cardiovascular health and aid in blood sugar control.
Strength Training: Building muscle mass through weight lifting or body-weight exercises can enhance insulin sensitivity.
Consistency: Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity most days of the week.
Maintaining a healthy weight is crucial for managing Type 2 diabetes. Weight loss can help improve insulin sensitivity and reduce blood sugar levels. Even a modest weight loss of 5-10% can have a significant impact on managing the condition.
Blood Sugar Monitoring
Regular blood sugar monitoring is essential to understand how lifestyle changes, medications, and other factors affect your blood sugar levels. It also helps in adjusting treatment plans and avoiding complications.
Using a home glucose meter, you can check your blood sugar levels multiple times a day (before and after meals, for instance) to keep track of fluctuations.
This blood test measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months and helps assess long-term blood sugar control.
Medications for Type 2 Diabetes
When lifestyle changes alone are not enough to control blood sugar levels, medications may be prescribed. Several classes of medications are used to treat Type 2 diabetes, including:
Oral medications for Type 2 diabetes include Metformin, which reduces glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity; Sulfonylureas, which stimulate insulin release from the pancreas; DPP-4 inhibitors, which increase insulin production after meals; SGLT2 inhibitors, which prevent the kidneys from reabsorbing glucose; Thiazolidinediones, which enhance insulin sensitivity in tissues; and GLP-1 agonists, which help release insulin, lower blood sugar, promote weight loss, and reduce cardiovascular risk.
Though typically used for Type 1 diabetes, insulin therapy may also be necessary for people with advanced Type 2 diabetes when the body can no longer produce enough insulin on its own. Insulin is available in various forms, including long-acting and rapid-acting types.
If your doctor prescribes insulin, they will determine the type and dosage based on your blood sugar levels, lifestyle, and needs.
For some people, an insulin pump may be recommended. It delivers a continuous dose of insulin through a small device worn on the body.
In some cases, doctors may prescribe a combination of different diabetes medications to target multiple aspects of blood sugar regulation. For instance, Metformin may be combined with a GLP-1 agonist or an SGLT2 inhibitor to provide more comprehensive control.
Surgical Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes:
In some cases, surgery may be recommended for individuals who are unable to control their blood sugar levels through lifestyle changes and medications. Surgical options include:
Weight Loss Surgery (Bariatric Surgery)
For individuals who are severely overweight or obese, bariatric surgery (such as gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy) can significantly help manage Type 2 diabetes. Weight loss from these surgeries often leads to improved insulin sensitivity and in some cases, diabetes remission.
Bariatric surgery is typically recommended for individuals with a body mass index (BMI) over 35 who have not achieved adequate blood sugar control through other methods.
What are the Complications of Type 2 Diabetes?
If left unmanaged, Type 2 diabetes can lead to a number of serious complications, including:
High blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of cardiovascular problems.
Chronic high blood sugar levels can damage the kidneys, leading to kidney disease.
Nerve damage (neuropathy)
Prolonged high blood sugar can cause nerve damage, leading to pain, numbness, and loss of sensation, particularly in the hands and feet.
Diabetes can increase the risk of eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, cataracts, and glaucoma.
Poor wound healing and infections
High blood sugar levels impair the body's ability to heal wounds and fight infections.
How is Type 2 Diabetes Prevented?
While Type 2 diabetes cannot always be prevented, certain lifestyle changes can significantly reduce your risk of complications:
Maintain a healthy weight
Losing even a small amount of weight can reduce the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
Focus on whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity most days of the week.
Monitor blood sugar levels
Regular check-ups and blood sugar tests can help detect early signs of Type 2 diabetes.
Smoking increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes and its complications.
Choose Artemis Hospitals for Effective Type 2 Diabetes Management
Artemis Hospitals offers specialized care for diabetes and thyroid diabetes, including advanced diagnostics, medication management, lifestyle counseling, and personalized treatment approaches. Consulting with the best endocrinologists in India can provide patients with expert guidance on managing diabetes and thyroid diabetes. These specialists possess in-depth knowledge of the endocrine system and its complex interactions with the body's metabolism and hormones. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for diabetes is crucial for effective management. By availing the services of the best doctors and hospitals in India, patients can access quality care and achieve better health outcomes.
To book an appointment with top endocrinologists for Type 2 Diabetes treatment at Artemis Hospitals, call our customer care at +91-124-451-1111 or WhatsApp us at +91 9599285476. You can also schedule an appointment through our online patient portal or download and register on the Artemis Personal Health Record mobile app, available for both iOS and Android devices.
Reviewed By Dr. Dheeraj Kapoor
Chief - Endocrinology
Artemis Hospitals
Frequently Asked Questions
How common is Type 2 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes is becoming increasingly common, with millions of people worldwide affected, especially in developed nations.
Is Type 2 diabetes genetic?
Yes, genetics play a significant role in the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, especially if a family member has the condition.
Can Type 2 diabetes be cured?
Currently, Type 2 diabetes cannot be completely cured, but it can be managed and, in some cases, put into remission with lifestyle changes and medication.
Is Type 2 diabetes an autoimmune disease?
No, Type 2 diabetes is not an autoimmune disease; it is primarily related to insulin resistance.
Can I live a normal life with Type 2 diabetes?
Yes, with proper management, most people with Type 2 diabetes can lead a normal life.
Can Type 2 diabetes be reversed?
While it may not be completely reversible, Type 2 diabetes can often be managed and controlled, especially with significant lifestyle changes.
Can I prevent Type 2 diabetes?
Yes, Type 2 diabetes can often be prevented or delayed through a healthy diet, regular exercise, and maintaining a healthy weight.
What is the difference between diabetes Type 1 and 2?
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body doesn't produce insulin, while Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance.
How do you control Type 2 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes can be controlled through a combination of diet, exercise, medications, and blood sugar monitoring.
What is the role of glucose in Type 2 diabetes?
Glucose is a key energy source for the body’s cells, but in Type 2 diabetes, the body's inability to use insulin effectively leads to high glucose levels in the blood.
What are the stages of Type 2 diabetes?
The stages include insulin resistance, prediabetes, and, if left unmanaged, Type 2 diabetes.
What are the long-term complications of uncontrolled Type 2 diabetes?
Uncontrolled Type 2 diabetes can lead to heart disease, kidney damage, nerve damage, eye problems, and poor wound healing.
How can I monitor my blood sugar levels effectively?
Regular blood sugar testing using a home glucose meter is essential for effective management.
Can children develop Type 2 diabetes?
Yes, children can develop Type 2 diabetes, particularly if they are overweight or have a family history of the disease.
What is the outlook for Type 2 diabetes?
With proper management, the outlook for people with Type 2 diabetes is positive, though regular monitoring and care are essential.
What role does diet play in the management of Type 2 diabetes?
A healthy, balanced diet helps regulate blood sugar levels and promotes overall health.
What lifestyle changes can help prevent or manage Type 2 diabetes?
Regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, and avoiding smoking can help prevent or manage Type 2 diabetes.
