Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers, but like most other types of cancer, its early signs often go unnoticed. A small sore that won’t heal, a persistent patch on the tongue—these signs are easy to dismiss. Many assume they’ll go away on their own, but sometimes, what seems like a minor irritation is actually the first sign of something more serious. The tricky part? Oral cancer doesn’t always cause pain in its early stages, making it harder to spot. That’s why awareness is key. This guide covers everything you need to know, from symptoms to risk factors and treatment options, so you can recognise potential warning signs early and take the right steps.
What is Oral Cancer?
Oral cancer refers to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in any part of the mouth. It can appear in different forms, such as ulcers, lumps, or persistent sores that do not heal. These changes in the mouth may lead to discomfort, pain, or difficulty in speaking, swallowing, or chewing. Without proper medical attention, oral cancer can spread to other areas, including the throat, lymph nodes, and other parts of the body.
There are several types of oral cancer, each affecting a specific part of the mouth:
Lip Cancer: Develops on the outer edges of the lips, often linked to excessive sun exposure or tobacco use.
Tongue Cancer: Can occur on the surface or at the base of the tongue, often leading to pain and difficulty in swallowing.
Floor of the Mouth Cancer: Appears underneath the tongue and can spread to nearby tissues if left untreated.
Gum Cancer: Affects the gums surrounding the teeth, sometimes mistaken for gum disease.
Cheek Cancer: Develops on the inner lining of the cheeks and may cause persistent irritation.
Palate Cancer: Forms on the roof of the mouth, potentially leading to speech difficulties and discomfort.
Who is at Risk for Oral Cancer?
Several factors can increase the risk of developing oral cancer, including:
Tobacco use: Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or using smokeless tobacco products significantly raises the risk.
Excessive alcohol consumption: Heavy drinking, especially when combined with tobacco use, increases the likelihood of developing oral cancer.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: Certain strains of HPV are linked to oral and throat cancers.
Prolonged sun exposure: Increases the risk of lip cancer, especially without sun protection.
Poor oral hygiene: Chronic infections and neglected dental health may contribute to cancer development.
Weakened immune system: Conditions that suppress immune function can make individuals more vulnerable to cancer.
Family history: Having a family history of cancer may increase the risk.
Poor diet: A diet low in fruits and vegetables can reduce the intake of protective antioxidants.
Understanding these risk factors can help individuals take preventive steps to lower their chances of developing oral cancer.
What Symptoms Indicate Oral Cancer?
Oral cancer can present itself in various ways, making it important to recognise early signs for prompt diagnosis and treatment. Some common symptoms include:
Persistent sores or ulcers: Sores in the mouth or on the lips that do not heal within two weeks.
Lumps or thickened areas: Unusual lumps or patches inside the mouth, on the tongue, or on the lips.
Pain or tenderness: Pain in the mouth, throat, or on the lips that does not subside.
Difficulty swallowing or chewing: Trouble eating or drinking due to pain or discomfort.
Sore throat: A constant or recurring sore throat that does not improve.
Changes in voice: Hoarseness or unexplained voice changes.
White or red patches: Unexplained white or red patches on the gums, tongue, or the inside of the mouth.
Unexplained bleeding: Bleeding from the mouth without any obvious cause.
Numbness or pain: Persistent numbness in the mouth, lips, or jaw.
Loose teeth: Teeth that become loose without an obvious dental issue.
Ear pain: Persistent pain in the ears without an infection.
If any of these symptoms persist for more than two weeks,it is essential to seek medical attention for a thorough evaluation.
How is Oral Cancer Diagnosed?
Diagnosing oral cancer involves several steps, including a clinical examination and additional tests to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Common diagnostic methods include:
Physical Examination: A doctor or dentist inspects the mouth, throat, and lymph nodes for any abnormal lumps, sores, or changes in tissue.
Biopsy: A small sample of tissue is taken from a suspicious area and examined under a microscope to check for cancerous cells.
Imaging Tests: CT scans, MRI scans, X-rays, and PET scans help assess the extent of cancer and determine if it has spread.
Endoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera is used to examine deeper areas of the throat and mouth.
HPV Testing: Since HPV is linked to some oral cancers, testing for the virus may be recommended.
Early diagnosis improves the chances of successful treatment, making regular dental check-ups and prompt evaluation of symptoms essential.
How Is Oral Cancer Treated?
The treatment for oral cancer depends on the stage of the cancer, its location, and the overall health of the individual. Several treatment options are available, and they may be used alone or in combination. Common treatments for oral cancer include:
Surgery: Surgical removal of the tumour or cancerous tissue is often the first step in treatment. This may involve removing part of the tongue, lips, or affected areas in the mouth, depending on the size and location of the cancer.
Radiotherapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells or shrink tumours. It is often used after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells or as a primary treatment if surgery is not an option.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to target and kill cancer cells throughout the body. It is commonly used for advanced oral cancer or when the cancer has spread to other areas.
Targeted Therapy: This treatment targets specific molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer. It can be used alongside other treatments to help block the signals that allow cancer cells to grow.
Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy boosts the body’s immune system to recognise and fight cancer cells more effectively. This treatment is typically used for advanced or recurrent cases of oral cancer.
Rehabilitation and Supportive Care: After treatment, rehabilitation may be necessary to help restore function to the affected areas, such as speech therapy or reconstructive surgery. Supportive care also includes pain management and psychological support to assist with emotional well-being
How Can Oral Cancer Be Prevented?
Although it may not be possible to completely eliminate the risk of oral cancer, certain lifestyle changes and habits can help reduce the likelihood of developing the condition. Key preventive measures include:
Avoiding Tobacco: Smoking and chewing tobacco significantly increase the risk of oral cancer. Quitting tobacco use is one of the most important steps to reduce this risk.
Limiting Alcohol Consumption: Heavy alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for oral cancer. Reducing alcohol intake can lower the chances of developing the disease.
Vaccination Against HPV: The human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with an increased risk of oral cancer, particularly in the throat. Vaccinating against HPV can help reduce this risk.
Regular Dental Check-ups: Visiting a dentist regularly for check-ups can lead to early detection of oral cancer. Dentists can spot early signs and refer individuals for further testing if necessary.
Healthy Diet: Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables can provide essential nutrients that support oral health and may lower the risk of cancer. Limiting the intake of processed foods and sugary drinks is also beneficial.
Good Oral Hygiene: Brushing teeth regularly and flossing can help prevent oral health issues that could increase the risk of cancer. Keeping the mouth clean reduces the likelihood of infections and inflammation.
Protecting the Lips from Sun Damage: Excessive sun exposure can increase the risk of lip cancer. Using lip balm with sun protection and wearing hats to shield the face can help prevent damage from UV rays.
Taking these steps can significantly reduce the risk of oral cancer and contribute to better oral health overall.
Conclusion
Oral cancer can be treated more effectively when caught early. If you’ve noticed any persistent sores, lumps, or changes in your mouth, it’s important to get checked by a specialist. At Artemis Hospital, we provide thorough screenings and medical evaluations to help you understand your symptoms and determine the right course of action. To book an appointment with a specialist at Artemis Hospitals, call our customer care at +91-124-451-1111 or WhatsApp at +91-959-928-5476. You can also schedule an appointment through our online patient portal or download and register on the Artemis Personal Health Record mobile app, available for both iOS and Android devices.
Article By Dr. Priyanka Raina
Associate Consultant - Oncology
Artemis Hospitals
Frequently Asked Questions
Is oral cancer painful in its early stages?
Oral cancer may not cause pain in the beginning, but as it progresses, it can lead to discomfort, irritation, or soreness.
Does oral cancer always require surgery?
Surgery is a common treatment, but not always necessary. Some cases may be treated with radiation or chemotherapy alone, depending on the stage and location of the cancer.
Are mouth ulcers a sign of oral cancer?
Most mouth ulcers are harmless, but persistent ones that last longer than two weeks should be examined by a doctor.
How long does it take for oral cancer to develop?
Oral cancer can develop over months or years, often without noticeable symptoms in the early stages, making regular check-ups important.
Can oral cancer come back after treatment?
Yes, recurrence is possible, particularly if risk factors like smoking and alcohol consumption continue after treatment.
What are the survival rates for oral cancer?
Survival rates vary based on the stage at diagnosis. Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes and survival chances.
Does using mouthwash increase the risk of oral cancer?
Some studies suggest that alcohol-based mouthwashes may contribute to risk factors, but there is no conclusive evidence proving a direct link.
Can oral cancer be completely cured?
If detected early and treated appropriately, oral cancer can often be successfully managed and cured.
