Cancer is one of the two leading cases of deaths (other being heart diseases) worldwide, with millions of new cases diagnosed each year. Among its many forms, carcinoma is the most common, accounting for nearly 80 to 90 percent of all cancers. In India, the burden of carcinoma is rising steadily, with an increasing number of cases reported every year. The good news is that early diagnosis, timely treatment, and greater awareness can significantly improve outcomes and save lives. To help, in this article, we will explain the meaning of carcinoma, its types, causes, symptoms, stages, diagnosis, and available treatment options.
What is Carcinoma?
Carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in the epithelial cells that form the protective layer lining the body's surfaces and internal organs, such as the skin, glands, and organs such as the lungs, liver, and prostate. When these cells begin to grow uncontrollably, they can form malignant tumours and spread to other parts of the body.
Carcinoma is the most common form of cancer worldwide and can affect vital organs such as the lungs, breasts, colon, prostate, and skin. These cancers are so widespread as they arise from tissues that cover most parts of the body.
It is also important to differentiate between carcinoma and sarcoma. Carcinomas develop in epithelial tissue, while sarcomas begin in connective tissues such as bone, muscle, or fat. This distinction highlights the fact that not all cancers behave the same way, and treatment approaches vary depending on the type of tissue involved.
Types of Carcinoma Cancer
Carcinoma is not a single disease but a group of cancers that develop in epithelial tissues. The main types of carcinoma include:
Basal Cell Carcinoma
- The most common type of skin cancer.
- Usually develops in sun-exposed areas such as the face, scalp, and neck.
- Grows slowly and rarely spreads, but can damage nearby tissues if untreated.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Another common form of skin cancer treatment focus.
- Can also occur in the lungs, throat, and oesophagus.
- May spread to lymph nodes or other organs if not detected early.
Adenocarcinoma
- Arises from glandular tissues.
- Commonly affects organs such as the breast, lung, colon, pancreas, and prostate.
- One of the most frequent subtypes diagnosed in both men and women.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
- Develops in the lining of the urinary system, including the bladder, ureters, and part of the kidneys.
- Often linked to smoking and long-term exposure to certain chemicals.
Other Rare Carcinomas
- Includes neuroendocrine carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
- These types are less common but can be aggressive and require specialised oncology care.
Carcinoma Causes and Risk Factors
While the exact causes of carcinoma cancer may vary, several factors are known to increase the risk.
Common Causes
- Genetic mutations that damage cell DNA and trigger abnormal growth.
- Prolonged sun exposure, a leading cause of skin carcinomas.
- Chronic infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or HPV.
- Tobacco and alcohol use, strongly linked with lung, oral, and oesophageal carcinomas.
Risk Factors
- Family history of carcinoma or other cancers increases susceptibility.
- Unhealthy diet and obesity may contribute to cancers of the breast, colon, and pancreas.
- Exposure to carcinogens such as asbestos, industrial chemicals, or air pollution.
- Ageing, since the likelihood of cellular damage increases with age.
Identifying these carcinoma risk factors helps in prevention and early screening, which can greatly improve survival outcomes.
Signs and Symptoms of Carcinoma
The symptoms of carcinoma can differ depending on the organ involved, but recognising early warning signs is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment.
Early Warning Symptoms to Look Out For
- Unexplained lumps or swelling in any part of the body
- Persistent sores that do not heal, especially on the skin or in the mouth
- Changes in moles, freckles, or skin patches
- Long-lasting cough, hoarseness, or difficulty swallowing
- Unexplained bleeding, such as in urine, stool, or from the skin
Advanced Stage Carcinoma Symptoms
- Severe weight loss and fatigue
- Chronic pain in affected areas
- Swelling of lymph nodes
- Difficulty breathing or chest pain in lung carcinoma
- Jaundice in liver carcinoma cases
Being aware of these carcinoma symptoms and seeking medical help early can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.
Diagnosis of Carcinoma
Detecting carcinoma at an early stage is vital for effective treatment and better outcomes. Diagnostic methods used to confirm carcinoma include:
Clinical Examination and Medical History
The process begins with a detailed history of symptoms, family background, and lifestyle factors, followed by a thorough physical examination to identify suspicious lumps, skin changes, or organ-related signs.
Imaging Tests (CT, MRI, PET Scan)
Advanced imaging techniques such as CT scans, MRI, and PET scans help determine the exact location, size, and possible spread of the carcinoma. These tests are essential for treatment planning.
Biopsy and Laboratory Investigations
A biopsy, where a small tissue sample is examined under a microscope, is the gold standard for confirming carcinoma. Additional tests, including blood work and molecular studies, may be recommended to identify specific cancer markers and guide therapy.
Stages of Carcinoma
Once a carcinoma diagnosis is confirmed, doctors determine the stage of the disease based on biopsy results, imaging tests, and clinical findings. Staging shows how far the cancer has progressed and helps guide treatment planning while also providing insight into likely outcomes. Here’s how carcinoma is classified by stages:
- Stage 0 (Carcinoma in situ): Abnormal cells are present but confined to their place of origin.
- Stage I: Cancer is small and localised to the tissue of origin.
- Stage II: Larger tumour or one that has started to spread to nearby tissues.
- Stage III: Cancer has spread to surrounding tissues and nearby lymph nodes.
- Stage IV: Advanced stage where carcinoma has metastasised to distant organs.
Importance of Staging in Treatment Planning
Knowing the carcinoma staging helps oncologists decide whether surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or targeted therapy is most suitable. Early-stage cancers may be curable with surgery alone, while advanced stages require more complex, combined treatments.
Carcinoma Treatment Options
Treatment for carcinoma depends on its type, stage, location, and the overall health of the patient. Modern oncology offers multiple approaches that can be used alone or in combination to achieve the best outcomes. Treatment approaches for carcinoma include the following options:
Surgery for Carcinoma Removal
Surgical removal of the tumour is often the first-line treatment, especially in early stages. Depending on the site, procedures may involve removing the tumour along with nearby tissues or lymph nodes to prevent spread.
Chemotherapy in Carcinoma Management
Chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to destroy rapidly dividing cancer cells. It may be used before surgery to shrink tumours, after surgery to prevent recurrence, or in advanced stages to control disease progression.
Radiation Therapy for Carcinoma Patients
High-energy radiation beams target and kill cancer cells while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. Radiation is often combined with surgery or chemotherapy for better results.
Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy
These newer approaches focus on specific cancer cell markers or boost the immune system to fight cancer more effectively. Targeted therapy is particularly useful in advanced or recurrent cases, while immunotherapy is showing promising results in difficult-to-treat carcinomas.
Meet our oncology specialists for accurate diagnosis and advanced carcinoma treatment.
Contact us to schedule your consultation.
How to Prevent Carcinoma and Lower Its Risk?
Not all cases of carcinoma can be prevented, but many lifestyle choices and health measures can significantly lower the risk. Making informed decisions about daily habits and regular health check-ups can protect against several types of carcinoma and improve overall well-being.
Ways to reduce the risk include:
- Avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol consumption
- Protecting the skin from excessive sun exposure with sunscreen and clothing
- Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
- Exercising regularly to maintain a healthy weight
- Getting vaccinated against viruses such as hepatitis B and HPV (Human Papillomavirus).
- Attending regular screenings for early detection, especially if there is a family history of cancer.
Prognosis and Recovery in Carcinoma Patients
The outlook for patients with carcinoma depends on several factors, including the type of cancer, its stage at diagnosis, and the patient’s overall health. Early detection often leads to better outcomes, with some carcinomas being highly curable when treated promptly.
Survival Rates and Recovery Outlook
- Early-stage carcinoma has a higher chance of successful treatment, often with surgery or localised therapies.
- Advanced-stage carcinoma may require combined approaches like chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy to manage disease progression.
- Recovery involves not only physical healing but also emotional and psychological support, as cancer treatment can be challenging.
Many patients benefit from rehabilitation, nutritional counselling, and follow-up care, which improve both quality of life and long-term survival.
Advancing Cancer Care at Artemis Hospitals
Carcinoma remains one of the most common forms of cancer, but timely diagnosis, advanced treatment options, and holistic care can make a significant difference in outcomes. From surgery and chemotherapy to targeted therapies and rehabilitation, modern medicine offers hope at every stage of the journey.
At Artemis Hospitals, comprehensive cancer services are delivered through a multidisciplinary team of specialists, advanced technology, and a patient-first approach. Recognised among the Best Cancer Hospital, Artemis provides access to the best Oncologists in Gurgaon, ensuring personalised treatment plans for every patient. Specialised services such as skin cancer treatment further strengthen our commitment to complete cancer care.
To book a consultation, call +91-124-451-1111 or WhatsApp +91 9800400498. Appointments can also be scheduled through the online patient portal or via the Artemis Personal Health Record mobile app, available on both iOS and Android.
Article ByDr. Parveen Yadav
Chief & Sr. Consultant - Thoracic Surgery & Surgical Oncology
Artemis Hospitals
Frequently Asked Questions
How is carcinoma different from other cancers?
Carcinoma begins in the epithelial cells that line the skin, glands, and organs, while other cancers such as sarcomas start in connective tissues like bone or muscle.
Can carcinoma spread to other parts of the body?
Yes. Carcinoma can spread through the blood or lymphatic system to distant organs, a process called metastasis.
Is carcinoma hereditary or genetic?
Some types of carcinoma may have a genetic or hereditary link, especially when there is a family history of cancer. However, lifestyle and environmental factors also play a major role.
Can excessive sun exposure lead to skin carcinoma?
Yes. Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the leading causes of basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma.
What lifestyle habits increase the chances of carcinoma?
Smoking, heavy alcohol use, poor diet, lack of exercise, and unsafe sun exposure can all increase carcinoma risk factors.
When is surgery recommended for carcinoma?
Surgery is usually recommended when carcinoma is detected at an early stage and can be safely removed without affecting major organ function.
Can carcinoma be completely cured?
Yes, many early-stage carcinomas are curable with timely treatment. Advanced stages may not always be curable but can often be managed effectively with modern therapies.
Where can I find the best doctor for carcinoma treatment near me?
Patients in Delhi NCR can consult the best Oncologists in Gurgaon at Artemis Hospitals for expert diagnosis and treatment.
Where can I find chemotherapy or radiation therapy for carcinoma near me?
Artemis Hospitals provides advanced chemotherapy and radiation therapy facilities as part of comprehensive cancer care.
Does Artemis Hospital provide advanced carcinoma treatment?
Yes. Artemis offers multidisciplinary care for carcinoma, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.
What types of cancer specialists are available at Artemis Hospital?
The hospital has a team of medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and specialised cancer nurses to provide complete care.
How can I book a consultation for carcinoma treatment at Artemis Hospital?
You can call +91-124-451-1111, WhatsApp +91 9800400498, or book through the online patient portal and the Artemis Personal Health Record mobile app.
Is palliative care available near me in Gurgaon for carcinoma cancer?
Yes. Artemis Hospitals provides palliative and supportive care services in Gurgaon to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life for advanced carcinoma patients.
